Loading controls
In biology there are no universal controls. One has to determine a priori what does not change in one's test conditions and use that as a control. The choice of appropriate house-keeping protein would depend upon the particular experiment and it needs to be confirmed. House-keeping proteins cannot be used for normalization if there is a suspicion that experimental conditions are affecting their expression.
Loading control guide
Other possible internal controls:
• Total protein (express fmol target protein/μg total protein)
• Dry mass
• Total chlorophyll (express fmol target protein/μg chlorophyll)
• Cells (express fmol target protein/cell)
• Total nitrogen (express fmol target protein/fmol N)
• Experiment specific ratios of particular proteins (ex. fmol PsbA/fmol RbcL)
For short term experiments, Rubisco protein makes a good loading control as its turnover is slow. However, Rubisco level do vary with nutrient levels, particularly nitrogen.
Special notes:
FtsZ (AS07 217) can be used as a loading control in cyanobacteria.
GAPC1/2 use of this protein as a loading control should be supported with specific experimental data.
RbcL or RA (Rubisco activase) OEC223, AtpB (for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Rasala et al. 2013) or PsbO (OEE1) or PsbP (OEE2) for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
PsbO (OEE1) or PsbP (OEE2) are not so suitable for higher plants as accumulation of these proteins might drop to 12.5-25 % of the WT level in mutants defective for PSII core (Schult et al. 2007).
Navigation: A-C D-F G-I J-L M-O P-R S-U V-X Y-Å | Show all
ACT | Actin (polyclonal)
AS13 2640 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: Agostis stoloniferacv. ‘Penncross’,Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica sp., Cannabis sativa L., Cucumis sativus, Cynara cardunculus, Glycine max, Hordeum vulgare, Nicotiana tabacum, Phoenix dactylifera, Setaria italica, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
ACT | Actin (protein)
AS16 4111S | Protein/positive control
AtpB | Beta subunit of ATP synthase (chloroplastic + mitochondrial) (chicken)
AS03 030 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Chicken | Reactivity: [global antibody] for plant and bacterial F-type ATP synthases
AtpB | Beta subunit of ATP synthase (chloroplastic + mitochondrial) (rabbit)
AS05 085 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: [global antibody] for plant, green alga, animal and bacterial F-type ATP synthases
AtpB | Beta subunit of ATP synthase, mitochondrial
AS16 3976 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. ’Diadom’, [compartment marker] of mitochondrial inner membrane
DISCONTINUED Actin-11
AS10 702 | Clonality: Monoclonal | Host: Mouse | Reactivity: A. thaliana, N. cataria, N. rtanjensis, N. tabacum, O. sativa, S. tuberosum, Z. mays
Out of stock, replaced by Actin (monoclonal) AS16 4111
FtsZ | Procaryotic cell division GTPase (cyanobacterial)
GAPC1/2 | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
AS15 2894 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: Arabidopsis thaliana
GAPC2 | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
AS13 2727 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: Arabidopsis thaliana, Hordeum vulgare,
H3 | Histone H3 (affinity purified)
AS10 710A | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, S. lycopersicum, V. faba, P. patens, S. europaea, Z. mays, Ch. reinhardtii | cellular [compartment marker] of nucleoplasm
H3 | Histone H3 (chicken antibody)
AS15 2855 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Chicken | Reactivity: A. thaliana, C. reinhardtii, L. esculentum | cellular [compartment marker] of nucleoplasm
H3 | Histone H3 (rabbit antibody) (nuclear marker)
AS10 710 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, C. reinhardtii, S. lycopersicum, V. faba, P. patens, S. europaea, Z. mays | cellular [compartment marker] of nucleoplasm
H3 | Histone H3, ALP-conjugated (40 μg)
AS10 710-ALP | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, S. lycopersicum, V. faba, P. patens, S. europaea, Z. mays, Ch. reinhardtii | cellular [compartment marker] of nucleoplasm
H3 | Histone H3, HRP-conjugated (40 μg)
AS10 710-HRP | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, S. lycopersicum, V. faba, P. patens, S. europaea, Z. mays, Ch. reinhardtii | cellular [compartment marker] of nucleoplasm
PsbO | 33 kDa of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of PSII (anti-protein)
AS06 142-33 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A.thaliana, C. reinhardtii, C. vulgaris, C. sp. DT, E. crus-galli, F. arundinacea cv. Kord, H. pluvialis, H. spontaneum, H. vulgare, N. benthamiana, P. abies, P. banksiana, P. sativum, P. miliaceum, S. oleracea, S. tuberosum cultivar Taedong Valley, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 and PCC6803, T. salsuginea, T.aestivum | compartment marker of thylakoid lumen
PsbP | 23 kDa protein of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of PSII (anti-monocot protein)
373 €
AS08 305 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, S. bicolor, Z. mays
PsbP | 23 kDa protein of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of PSII (anti-protein)
AS06 142-23 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, Ch. reinhardtii, P. banksiana. , S.oleracea, T. aestivum
RA | Rubisco activase
AS10 700 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, C. sativa, C. reinhardtii, H. spontaneum, F. pRatensis, G. max, G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, L. perenne, N. oceanica, N. tabacum, O. sativa, P. balsamifera, R. discolor, S. lycopersicum, Z. mays, T. salsuginea, red sulfur bacterium T. sp. Cad16 (isolated from Lake Cadagno)
RbcL | Rubisco large subunit, form I (chicken)
AS01 017 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Hen | Reactivity: [global antibody] for higher plants, algae, cyanobacteria | cellular [compartment marker] of plastid stroma
RbcL | Rubisco large subunit, form I (rabbit)
AS03 037 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: [global antibody] for higher plants, lichens, algae, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, diatoms | cellular [compartment marker] of plastid stroma in higher plants and cytoplasm in cyanobacteria
RPN6 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9
AS15 2832A | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: Arabidopsis thaliana
RPN6 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 (A.thaliana)
AS15 2845 | Clonality: polyclonal | Host: rabbit | Reactivity: Arabidopsis thaliana
Interested to test this antibody? Please contact us.
Tubulin alpha chain
AS10 680 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity: A. thaliana, C. reinhardii, E. gracilis, H. vulgare, O. sativa, Setaria italica, Zea mays
Tubulin beta chain
AS10 681 | Clonality: Polyclonal | Host: Rabbit | Reactivity:Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago sativa